National Museum of Australia

Explore

Exploring

(240)

Explore sets

Objects

Title and collection	What	Where	Who	When
South East Wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mo:ta Apply Mo:ta filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Stingray. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tarunga Apply Tarunga filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Spearhead Dr Robert Wishart collection Apply Dr Robert Wishart collection filter	Spearheads Apply Spearheads filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter		1935 Apply 1935 filter
Sculpture - wood American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Barawind. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Djabargu Apply Djabargu filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Malay Prau American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter
The Moon, Jumauria American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Shark. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tarunga Apply Tarunga filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Painting depicts three figures in canoe, each with a fish on... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Ancestral hero of the Yirritya moiety: Banaitja (Lanytjung) ... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Birrikitji Gumana Apply Birrikitji Gumana filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Wood carving - female human figure - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting depicting a bird, Groote Eylandt NT Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 Apply Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1954 Apply 1954 filter
The green turtle, Gariwa - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Iguana and Shark American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Dalimbu. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bukanda Apply Bukanda filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Painting depicts bird on tree and goanna Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bayma Apply Bayma filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Unidentified American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Yalioura Apply Yalioura filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Sawfish. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nandabitta Apply Nandabitta filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Morning Star Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Niljermarija Apply Niljermarija filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
The Lizard, Tjunda - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting 'Couple of Mimi Spirits' by Paddy Compass Nama... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Paddy C. Namatbara Apply Paddy C. Namatbara filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
South East Wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nambinara Apply Nambinara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Serpent, Aitja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tatalara Apply Tatalara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wooden paddle - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Paddles Apply Paddles filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Umbakumba, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Umbakumba, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nangiliana Apply Nangiliana filter
Bark painting, Kestrels and Chicks American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wood carving - Bunbulama - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mawalan Marika Apply Mawalan Marika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Umbakumba, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Umbakumba, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Anawanda Apply Anawanda filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wooden paddle - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Paddles Apply Paddles filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Totem Place of Wild Honey American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Eagle. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nanguruma Apply Nanguruma filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Shark. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bukanda Apply Bukanda filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
South East Wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nambinara Apply Nambinara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Large natural gastropod shell for signalling that a turtle w... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Shells Apply Shells filter	Angurugu, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Angurugu, Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wooden paddle - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Paddles Apply Paddles filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Barawind. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kolbitja Apply Kolbitja filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Totem Place of the Shark, Bangudja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mouta Apply Mouta filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting depicts six human figures with hair gathered i... Dorothy Bennett collection Apply Dorothy Bennett collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
Bark painting depicting a shark, Groote Eylandt NT Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 Apply Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1954 Apply 1954 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting 'Three Mimi men, spirits of rocks, and turtle'... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Yirawala Apply Yirawala filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Canoe Kangaroo Men Fish American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wood carving - water bird - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark Painting, Fishing Scene showing Dugong and Turtle, from... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter