National Museum of Australia

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Title and collection	What	Where	Who	When
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Untitled, by Narritjin Maymuru, Yirrkala, 1967 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1967 Apply 1967 filter
Amagula River. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Abadjura Apply Abadjura filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
The Crocodile, Tungarapia and the Wallaby, Ubraitja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Yalioura Apply Yalioura filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark Painting, Fishing Scene showing Dugong and Turtle, from... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Magellan Clouds American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Serpent, Aitja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tatalara Apply Tatalara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
South East Wind and Hammer-headed Shark American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Ambumandja. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Baijimma Apply Baijimma filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
'Sacred ceremonial ground Gununguwuy' by Narritjin Maymuru, ... Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 Apply Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Blue Mud Bay, North-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Blue Mud Bay, North-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1975 Apply 1975 filter
Chasm Is. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Baijimma Apply Baijimma filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
'Opossum Tree Dreaming', by Narritjin Maymuru, 1966 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wooden paddle - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Paddles Apply Paddles filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Barawind. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Djabargu Apply Djabargu filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Untitled, by Narritjin Maymuru Dr Howard Morphy collection no. 3 Apply Dr Howard Morphy collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter
Untitled, by Narritijin Maymuru, 1966 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
'Two possums climbing the tree of life with bird guardian at... Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 Apply Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1977 Apply 1977 filter
The Moon, Jumauria American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Unidentified Sea Fish American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower Groote Eylandt American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Turtle Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bayma Apply Bayma filter
Bark painting 'Three Mimi men, spirits of rocks, and turtle'... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Yirawala Apply Yirawala filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Bark painting depicts six human figures with hair gathered i... Dorothy Bennett collection Apply Dorothy Bennett collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
'Fight between Crocodile-man and Stingray-man' by Narritjin ... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Wood carving - water bird - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Painting depicts three figures in canoe, each with a fish on... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The North-east wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unawanda Apply Unawanda filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting, Kestrels and Chicks American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Dalimbu. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bukanda Apply Bukanda filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
The Blind Man. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nandabitta Apply Nandabitta filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
The Lizard, Tjunda - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Untitled, by Narritjin Maymuru J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
Prau Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nagingapa Naminyamanja Apply Nagingapa Naminyamanja filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
A Dreaming of the Mandalbui People (On Bark: Dance of the ... Dorothy Bennett collection Apply Dorothy Bennett collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
'Mortuary Ceremony', by Narritjin Maymuru, 1978 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs Art (ATSIAA) collecti... Apply Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs Art (ATSIAA) collecti... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Apply Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1978 Apply 1978 filter
Painting depicts a rectangular figure with a diamond pattern... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nanuwunda Apply Nanuwunda filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Painting depicts bird on tree and goanna Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bayma Apply Bayma filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
'Creation Stories of the Manggalili Clan' by Narritjin Maymu... Department of Aboriginal Affairs collection no. 1 Apply Department of Aboriginal Affairs collection no. 1 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1965 Apply 1965 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Sun-woman American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Barawind. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kolbitja Apply Kolbitja filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Bark painting 'Two Mimi Spirits (males) dancing' by Paddy Co... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Paddy C. Namatbara Apply Paddy C. Namatbara filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
The Story of Neminyaniawja The Long Arm Man. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Namdabida Apply Namdabida filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Cape Stewart, North Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Painting depicts a large sawfish surrounded by two turtles a... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Totem Place of Wild Honey American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Canoe Kangaroo Men Fish American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
painting depicts a tall rectangular object, outlined in red ... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter