National Museum of Australia

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Title and collection	What	Where	Who	When
Ambumandja. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Baijimma Apply Baijimma filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Wood carving - water bird - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Travels of the Man, Jundaruna American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Lizard, Tjunda - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Totem Place of Wild Honey American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Prau Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nagingapa Naminyamanja Apply Nagingapa Naminyamanja filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Shark. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tarunga Apply Tarunga filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
South East Wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nambinara Apply Nambinara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Decorated shell Regina Wagner collection Apply Regina Wagner collection filter	Ornaments Apply Ornaments filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter
Painting depicts two pointed oval-shapes Anonymous (17/8/1968) collection Apply Anonymous (17/8/1968) collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
'Two possums climbing the tree of life with bird guardian at... Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 Apply Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1977 Apply 1977 filter
Bark painting 'Two Mimi Spirits (males) dancing' by Paddy Co... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Paddy C. Namatbara Apply Paddy C. Namatbara filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Bark painting depicting a bird, Groote Eylandt NT Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 Apply Winifred Hilliard collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1954 Apply 1954 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Moon, Jumauria American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
'Napililingu', by Narritjin Maymuru, 1968 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1968 Apply 1968 filter
South East Wind American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mo:ta Apply Mo:ta filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower Groote Eylandt American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting, Kestrels and Chicks American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting 'Two Mimi Spirits (males) dancing' by Paddy Co... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Paddy C. Namatbara Apply Paddy C. Namatbara filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Wooden paddle - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Paddles Apply Paddles filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Unidentified Sea Fish American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The crab Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nangingapa Apply Nangingapa filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Painting depicts six fish surrounded by lines of palm trees ... Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Jack Maranguida Apply Jack Maranguida filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Bark painting 'Tortoises and fresh water crocodiles' by Birr... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Birrikitji Gumana Apply Birrikitji Gumana filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Painting depicts a rectangular figure with a diamond pattern... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nanuwunda Apply Nanuwunda filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Untitled, by Narritijin Maymuru, 1966 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
Barawind. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Djabargu Apply Djabargu filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Painting depicts a large sawfish surrounded by two turtles a... American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
The Serpent, Aitja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Tatalara Apply Tatalara filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
'Turtles, wind and rain', by Narritjin Maymuru, 1978 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 18/01/1979 collection Apply Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 18/01/1979 collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Drill Hall, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Austra... Apply Drill Hall, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Austra... filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1978 Apply 1978 filter
The Crocodile, Tungarapia and the Wallaby, Ubraitja American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Yalioura Apply Yalioura filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Malay Prau American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
Orion & the Pleiades American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika Apply Minimini Numalkiyiya Mamarika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spearthrower American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Eagle. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Nanguruma Apply Nanguruma filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
Bark painting depicts four creatures, possibly frogs Dorothy Bennett collection Apply Dorothy Bennett collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Unknown Apply Unknown filter
Bark painting 'Six Mimi Spirits (four males and two females)... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Croker Island, Northern Territory, Australia filter	January N. Namiridali Apply January N. Namiridali filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
The green turtle, Gariwa - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Stone blade Dr Robert Wishart collection Apply Dr Robert Wishart collection filter	Stone artefacts Apply Stone artefacts filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter		1935 Apply 1935 filter
Yidaki painted by Narritijin Maymuru J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Didjeridus Apply Didjeridus filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1974 Apply 1974 filter
South East Wind and Hammer-headed Shark American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
'Two Nyapililngu ancestral women', by Narritjin Maymuru, Yir... J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Shark. Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 Apply Dr Helen M Wurm collection no. 6 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Bukanda Apply Bukanda filter	1969 Apply 1969 filter
'Opossum tree story', by Narritjin Maymuru, 1966 J Davidson collection no. 3 Apply J Davidson collection no. 3 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1966 Apply 1966 filter
'Fight between Crocodile-man and Stingray-man' by Narritjin ... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
The Dugong, Inunguluna American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Kulpidja Apply Kulpidja filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Wood carving - female human figure - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Bark painting 'Map of painter's travell [sic] by plane from ... Dr Karel Kupka collection Apply Dr Karel Kupka collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mawalan 2 Marika Apply Mawalan 2 Marika filter	1963 Apply 1963 filter
'Mother whale' by Narritjin Maymuru, 1978 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 18/01/1979 collection Apply Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 18/01/1979 collection filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Drill Hall, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Austra... Apply Drill Hall, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Austra... filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1978 Apply 1978 filter
'Sacred ceremonial ground Gununguwuy' by Narritjin Maymuru, ... Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 Apply Aboriginal Arts Board collection no. 2 filter	Bark paintings Apply Bark paintings filter	Blue Mud Bay, North-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Blue Mud Bay, North-east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Narritjin Maymuru Apply Narritjin Maymuru filter	1975 Apply 1975 filter
Wood carving - Bunbulama - Yirrkala, 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Wood carvings Apply Wood carvings filter	Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Yirrkala, East Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mawalan Marika Apply Mawalan Marika filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter
Weapon - Spear American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... Apply American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (AASEAL) c... filter	Spears Apply Spears filter	Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Milingimbi, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Mr Charles P. Mountford Apply Mr Charles P. Mountford filter	1948 Apply 1948 filter