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Message stick

An unsigned and undated document in the papers that accompanied the Milne collection to Canberra has a sketch of this ob...
Incised shield, Bogan River area, New South Wales, 1898

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0287 reads: "Bogan/River 1898/JD". According to a list that accompanied the Edmund Miln...
Wooden club, made by Mickey Bell, Jervis Bay, New South Wale...

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Elliptical ornament featuring a section of shell, from Cookt...

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Woven fibre basket from Wenlock River area, Queensland

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
String bag from Staater River area, Gulf of Carpentaria, Que...

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Hafted edge-ground stone hatchet

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang from Macleay River, New South Wales

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Club belonging to Mundabil, Yaamba, Rockhampton, Queensland,...

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0084 reads: "Yamba Tribe Rockhampton Qld. b[r]ought from "Mundabil["] black desperado...
Club from Namoi River, New South Wales, 1911

A list that accompanied the Milne collection on its arrival in Canberra has the following entry for 1985.0059.0132: "Nam...
Boomerang from Lake Eyre, South Australia

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Aboriginal breastplate for Billy Hippie, King of Minnon

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Aboriginal breastplate for Billy Kelly, King of Broadwater

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Club from Milne Bay province, Papua New Guinea

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Kimberley point

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang from Paroo River, New South Wales, before 1895

Original label on 1985.0059.0044 reads: "Paroo River /(before 1895) /Prest by Mr Mylechrane". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) ...
Spearthrower with etched design, from Western Australia, 191...

Original label on 1985.0059.0246 reads: "Womerah/Throwing Stick/Desert Tribes/W.A./Pres. by Capt Bates Forbes/1915". J...
Club made by Jack Shepherd, Byrock, New South Wales, 1914

Original label on 1985.0059.0093 reads: "Burang/Close in fighting/Mulga Tribe/191?". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born ...
Club from Barrow River area, Queensland

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Digging stick from Bogan River, New South Wales, 1912

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Parrying shield, Macleay River area, New South Wales, 1900s

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0294 reads: "McLeay River/([word] Livingstone)/191?". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born...
Tapered tapstick, 1890

Original label on 1985.0059.0388 reads: "Ancient and very/rare type of corrobbery [sic] music stick/[Bong ?Bong] tribe ?...
Message stick

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Bogan pick [stone implement]

Original label on 1985.0059.0770 reads: "Found at Hobbys/Yards/[word]/[word]". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in Eng...
Wooden club, made by Mickey Bell, Jervis Bay, New South Wale...

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Aboriginal breastplate for Neddy, King of Neis Valley

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Adze

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Spearthrower from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0264 reads: "Cape York [word]/Q". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emig...
Boomerang

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Kimberley point

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Spearthrower from Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 1900

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0267 reads: "Gulf of Carpentaria/Qland/G. Roberts/1900". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was b...
Parrying shield made by Jack Shepherd, Byrock, New South Wal...

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0286 reads: "Mulga Tribe/1908/Byrock". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and...
Wooden digging stick made by Jack Shepherd, 1913

Original label on 1985.0059.0334 reads: "Poopra/Shovel/Jack Shepherd/Mulga Tribe/1913". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was bo...
Kimberley point - glass

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Shield with angled parallel lines on surface

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Spearthrower with etched design, from Western Australia, 191...

Original label on 1985.0059.0247 reads: "Womerah/Throwing Stick/Desert Tribe/W.A./Pres. by Capt Bates/Forbes/1915". John...
Digging stick from Lake Eyre area, South Australia,1907

Original label on 1985.0059.0330 reads: "Gin's yam stick/Lake Eyre Tribe [SA]/EM 1907". "E.M." on 1985.0059.0330 suggest...
Aboriginal breastplate for U Robert, King of Big Leather and...

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Bamboo pipe

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Weapon - Boomerang

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0017 reads: "Ba... R...r | Q[ueensland] ". A list accompanying the Edmund Milne collecti...
Club from New Zealand, 1914

Original label on 1985.0059.0 reads: "New Zea . . . war club/Pres ? Mr P. Weston Esq/from Major C. Smith's Collection/19...
Boomerang used by 'King Boney', Woolgoolga, north coast New ...

Original label on 1985.0059.0059 reads: "King Boney North Coast/NSW/Orara River/Woolgoolga". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) ...
Boomerang

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0014 reads: "[Mr Crowe/Wellington]". A list accompanying the Edmund Milne collection whe...
Hatchet head from North Queensland

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Aboriginal breastplate for Joey, Chief of Petraman

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Firestick

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Boomerang

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0010 reads: "Tennants Ck [sic, Tennant Creek]/N.T./E.O.M. 1909 ". "E.O.M." on 1985.0059...
Kimberley point

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Parrying shield, Murrumbidgee River area, New South Wales, 1...

Original labelling on 1985.0059.0295 reads: "Murrumbidgee River Tribe 1895". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in Eng...
Axe blade from Fiji, 1910

Original label on 1985.0059.0438 reads: "Very old hatchet/Fiji/from Mrs Perdriau/16/6/10" and "518". Edmund Milne (1861...
Club from Bogan River area, New South Wales

Original label on 1985.0059.0108 reads: ' "Dondimuo"/for close fighting/B... River'. This original paper label is damage...
Club from Samoa

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Queensland spear 2

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Aboriginal breastplate for James Fearnought, King of Merigal

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...
Wooden bowl (kava) from Tonga

Original label on 1985.0059.0 reads: "Tonga/Kava Bowl/Rev I. E Corner". Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England an...
Lump of adhesive in raw form
Adhesives
Apply Adhesives filter

Mr Thomas P. Hackney
Apply Mr Thomas P. Hackney filter

1900
Apply 1900 filter

Gilgandra, New South Wales, Australia
Apply Gilgandra, New South Wales, Australia filter
Boomerang from Macleay River, New South Wales, 1915

Edmund Milne (1861-1917) was born in England and emigrated to Queensland with his parents 19 months later. He had had pe...

Title and collection	What	Where	Who	When
Message stick Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Message sticks Apply Message sticks filter
Incised shield, Bogan River area, New South Wales, 1898 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Shields Apply Shields filter	Bogan River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Bogan River, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1898 Apply 1898 filter
Wooden club, made by Mickey Bell, Jervis Bay, New South Wale... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Apply Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory, Australia filter
Elliptical ornament featuring a section of shell, from Cookt... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Ornaments Apply Ornaments filter	Cooktown, Queensland, Australia Apply Cooktown, Queensland, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Woven fibre basket from Wenlock River area, Queensland Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Baskets Apply Baskets filter	Wenlock River, Queensland, Australia Apply Wenlock River, Queensland, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
String bag from Staater River area, Gulf of Carpentaria, Que... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Bags Apply Bags filter	Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia Apply Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia filter
Hafted edge-ground stone hatchet Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Hatchets Apply Hatchets filter		Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Boomerang from Macleay River, New South Wales Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia filter	Mr Edmund Milne Snr Apply Mr Edmund Milne Snr filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Club belonging to Mundabil, Yaamba, Rockhampton, Queensland,... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Yaamba, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia Apply Yaamba, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia filter	Mundabil Apply Mundabil filter	1896 Apply 1896 filter
Club from Namoi River, New South Wales, 1911 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Namoi River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Namoi River, New South Wales, Australia filter		1911 Apply 1911 filter
Boomerang from Lake Eyre, South Australia Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia Apply Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia filter	Mr Edmund Milne Snr Apply Mr Edmund Milne Snr filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Aboriginal breastplate for Billy Hippie, King of Minnon Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Apply Sydney, New South Wales, Australia filter	George Twemlow Apply George Twemlow filter	1877 Apply 1877 filter
Aboriginal breastplate for Billy Kelly, King of Broadwater Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Broadwater, New South Wales, Australia Apply Broadwater, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Club from Milne Bay province, Papua New Guinea Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Oceania Apply Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Oceania filter
Kimberley point Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearheads Apply Spearheads filter
Boomerang from Paroo River, New South Wales, before 1895 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Paroo River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Paroo River, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Spearthrower with etched design, from Western Australia, 191... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Western Australia, Australia Apply Western Australia, Australia filter		1915 Apply 1915 filter
Club made by Jack Shepherd, Byrock, New South Wales, 1914 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Byrock, New South Wales, Australia Apply Byrock, New South Wales, Australia filter	Jack Shepherd Apply Jack Shepherd filter	1914 Apply 1914 filter
Club from Barrow River area, Queensland Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter
Digging stick from Bogan River, New South Wales, 1912 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Digging sticks Apply Digging sticks filter	Central Darling River Region, New South Wales, Australia Apply Central Darling River Region, New South Wales, Australia filter		1912 Apply 1912 filter
Parrying shield, Macleay River area, New South Wales, 1900s Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Shields Apply Shields filter	Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia filter
Tapered tapstick, 1890 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clapsticks Apply Clapsticks filter	Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia Apply Moss Vale, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1890 Apply 1890 filter
Message stick Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Message sticks Apply Message sticks filter
Bogan pick [stone implement] Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Stone artefacts Apply Stone artefacts filter	Hobbys Yards, New South Wales, Australia Apply Hobbys Yards, New South Wales, Australia filter
Wooden club, made by Mickey Bell, Jervis Bay, New South Wale... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Apply Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory, Australia filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia Apply Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Aboriginal breastplate for Neddy, King of Neis Valley Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Naas Valley, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Apply Naas Valley, Australian Capital Territory, Australia filter	Apply filter	1918 Apply 1918 filter
Adze Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Adzes Apply Adzes filter		Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Spearthrower from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia Apply Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter		Mr Edmund Milne Snr Apply Mr Edmund Milne Snr filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Kimberley point Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearheads Apply Spearheads filter
Spearthrower from Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 1900 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia Apply Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1900 Apply 1900 filter
Parrying shield made by Jack Shepherd, Byrock, New South Wal... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Shields Apply Shields filter	Byrock, New South Wales, Australia Apply Byrock, New South Wales, Australia filter	Jack Shepherd Apply Jack Shepherd filter	1908 Apply 1908 filter
Wooden digging stick made by Jack Shepherd, 1913 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Digging sticks Apply Digging sticks filter	Central Darling River Region, New South Wales, Australia Apply Central Darling River Region, New South Wales, Australia filter	Jack Shepherd Apply Jack Shepherd filter	1913 Apply 1913 filter
Kimberley point - glass Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearheads Apply Spearheads filter
Shield with angled parallel lines on surface Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Shields Apply Shields filter
Spearthrower with etched design, from Western Australia, 191... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearthrowers Apply Spearthrowers filter	Western Australia, Australia Apply Western Australia, Australia filter		1915 Apply 1915 filter
Digging stick from Lake Eyre area, South Australia,1907 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Digging sticks Apply Digging sticks filter	Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia Apply Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia filter		1907 Apply 1907 filter
Aboriginal breastplate for U Robert, King of Big Leather and... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Gwydir River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Gwydir River, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1800 Apply 1800 filter
Bamboo pipe Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Pipes Apply Pipes filter	Papua, Indonesia Apply Papua, Indonesia filter
Weapon - Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Barron River, Queensland, Australia Apply Barron River, Queensland, Australia filter
Club from New Zealand, 1914 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	New Zealand Apply New Zealand filter		1914 Apply 1914 filter
Boomerang used by 'King Boney', Woolgoolga, north coast New ... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Woolgoolga, New South Wales, Australia Apply Woolgoolga, New South Wales, Australia filter	Billy Boney Apply Billy Boney filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter		Mr Edmund Milne Snr Apply Mr Edmund Milne Snr filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Bloomfield River, Queensland, Australia Apply Bloomfield River, Queensland, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Hatchet head from North Queensland Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Hatchets Apply Hatchets filter	North Queensland, Queensland, Australia Apply North Queensland, Queensland, Australia filter
Aboriginal breastplate for Joey, Chief of Petraman Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Petraman Apply Petraman filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Firestick Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Firesticks Apply Firesticks filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia Apply Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter
Boomerang Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, Australia Apply Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1909 Apply 1909 filter
Kimberley point Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spearheads Apply Spearheads filter
Parrying shield, Murrumbidgee River area, New South Wales, 1... Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Shields Apply Shields filter	Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales, Australia filter		1895 Apply 1895 filter
Axe blade from Fiji, 1910 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Axes Apply Axes filter	Fiji Apply Fiji filter
Club from Bogan River area, New South Wales Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Bogan River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Bogan River, New South Wales, Australia filter
Club from Samoa Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Clubs Apply Clubs filter	Samoa Apply Samoa filter
Queensland spear 2 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Spears Apply Spears filter
Aboriginal breastplate for James Fearnought, King of Merigal Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Aboriginal breastplates Apply Aboriginal breastplates filter	Merigal, New South Wales, Australia Apply Merigal, New South Wales, Australia filter	Not provided Apply Not provided filter	1850 Apply 1850 filter
Wooden bowl (kava) from Tonga Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Bowls Apply Bowls filter	Tonga Apply Tonga filter
Lump of adhesive in raw form L and T Hackney collection Apply L and T Hackney collection filter	Adhesives Apply Adhesives filter	Gilgandra, New South Wales, Australia Apply Gilgandra, New South Wales, Australia filter	Mr Thomas P. Hackney Apply Mr Thomas P. Hackney filter	1900 Apply 1900 filter
Boomerang from Macleay River, New South Wales, 1915 Edmund Milne collection Apply Edmund Milne collection filter	Boomerangs Apply Boomerangs filter	Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia Apply Macleay River, New South Wales, Australia filter	Mr Edmund Milne Snr Apply Mr Edmund Milne Snr filter	1931 Apply 1931 filter